The theatrical artwork had two variations: both retained the same black background and action scenes collage surrounding the three principals (Pierce Brosnan, Izabella Scorupco and Famke Janssen), but the International poster had James Bond in tuxedo while in the US version only had the secret agent's face emerging from the shadows. MARCH 14, 1995: Pierce Brosnan and Sean Bean shot the pre-credits sequence of GOLDENEYE at Leavesden Studios. Reference footage for the tank chase was shot on location in Saint Petersburg and matched to the studio at Leavesden. [11][15][16] The script was further rewritten by William Osborne and William Davies. Instead, the protagonist is an aspiring Double-0 agent Jonathan Hunter, known by his codename "GoldenEye", recruited by a villain of the Bond universe, Auric Goldfinger. It was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, which provided a background for the plot. However, Barbara Broccoli was concerned France's screenplay was still too unstructured and brought in Jeffrey Caine to rewrite it. The Dam is the location of the iconic bungee jump scene from James Bond's GoldenEye, as the show's narrator, Alexander Armstrong, explains. According the global surveys, Bond's leap from the Verzasca dam is considered the best stunt in film history. Both Wii and DS versions bear little to no resemblance to the locations and weapons of the original N64 release. According to its official blurb, this publication offers "a comprehensive analysis on one of the best Bond films ever released and the impact in popular culture that brought a new generation of Bond fans, in a craze that was very reminiscent to the waves of Bond mania from the 1960s" while taking a look at the creative process behind the film and its relevance for the post-Cold War times to show GoldenEye is many times considered "an overlooked classic". [20], In August 1993, France had turned in his first draft, and continued to work on the script. Tom Sonne of The Sunday Times considered it the best Bond film since The Spy Who Loved Me. "[104], Several reviewers lauded M's appraisal of Bond as a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur",[7][105][106] with Todd McCarthy in Variety saying the film "breathes fresh creative and commercial life" into the series. GoldenEye. Returning to London, Bond oversees MI6 staff monitoring an incident in Severnaya,[nb 1] Siberia, after the stolen helicopter turns up at a radar facility there. For the first jump you will make the "Classic". Found insideI should also mention the bungee jump off the Contra Dam in Switzerland, in GoldenEye (1995). A simple but stunning jump by stuntman Wayne Michaels. *FRANKLIN HENSON – wagon flip in THE LEGEND OF ZORRO (2005). This one took guts. No trip to Ticino is complete without a little James Bond action. That’s your destination. It also would have featured the Chinese Ministry of State Security. [64], The fall of Communism in Russia is the main focus of the opening titles, designed by Daniel Kleinman (who took over from Maurice Binder after his death in 1991). Found insideg DISCOVER SWITZERLAND g CONTENTS SWITZERLAND IN BOOKS AND FILM Switzerland's jaw-dropping landscapes have inspired some of ... The breathtaking jump over the Contra Dam in GoldenEye (1995) and high-speed chase up to the Furka Pass in ... Meddings' major contribution was miniatures. GoldenEye 007 Bungy Jump 220m.
[122], The film was nominated for two BAFTAs—Best Sound and Special Visual Effects—in 1996, but lost to Braveheart and Apollo 13, respectively. You can learn more about bungee jumping off the dam here. SCEEN IT is a great guide that lets you add and share travel info about places like Gordola, Switzerland in GoldenEye starring Pierce Brosnan, Izabella Scorupco and Famke Janssen. In 1986, MI6 agents James Bond and Alec Trevelyan infiltrate a Soviet chemical weapons facility in Arkhangelsk. Via Valle Verzasca, 6596 Gordola, Switzerland, The Contra Dam or Verzasca Dam is an arch dam on the Verzasca River in the Val Verzasca of Ticino, Switzerland. A real dam in Switzerland, but this one I don't think is it. Also known as the Verzasca or Locarno dam, the spot is a … GoldenEye: Verzasca Dam Switzerland.
Following the release of Licence to Kill in July 1989, pre-production work for the seventeenth film in the James Bond series, the third to star Timothy Dalton (fulfilling his three-film contract),[10] began in May 1990. https://www.myswitzerland.com/en/experiences/verzasca-007-golden-eye-bungee-jump/. Lonely Planet Switzerland
Was GoldenEye filmed in Switzerland? Photo Friday: The GoldenEye Dam (Switzerland) The 220m tall Contra Dam* was build in the early 1960s and forms part of the Verzasca Hydroelectric Complex in Ticino, Southern Switzerland. The dam became a popular bungee jumping venue after a James Bond stuntman jumped off it in the opening scene of the 1995 film GoldenEye; a stunt voted as the best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll. On May 6, 1960, Verzasca SA was formed to construct the dam as the center-piece of the Verzasca Hydroelectric Complex. It is the same dam that became a popular bungee jumping venue after a James Bond stuntman jumped off it in the opening scene of the 1995 film GoldenEye. Ten things you need to know about Found insideVerzasca Dam, Verzasca, Ticino, Switzerland 007's bungee of choice in GoldenEye, the 7.5second drop doesn't give you much time to change your mind. Bloukrans Bridge, Nature's Valley, Western Cape, South Africa The world's highest ... Swiss News - Volume 21 - Page 25 …
[82] Serra's score has been criticised: Richard von Busack, in Metro, wrote that it was "more appropriate for a ride on an elevator than a ride on a roller coaster",[83] and Filmtracks said Serra "failed completely in his attempt to tie GoldenEye to the franchise's past. In fact, the key scene of the Bond classic Goldeneye was shot on the Verzasca Dam.
It was shot in Hittnau in Switzerland.
[119][120] In a 2021 Yahoo survey consisting of 2200 scholars and Bond superfans, GoldenEye was voted as the best Bond film, followed by Daniel Craig's Casino Royale and George Lazenby's On Her Majesty's Secret Service. [51] Some of the scenes in St. Petersburg were actually shot in London – the Epsom Downs Racecourse doubled as the airport – to reduce expenses and security concerns, as the second unit sent to Russia required bodyguards. Actually, the Verzasca dam used in the movie is located in the southern part of Switzerland… As opening sequences go, abseiling off the Verzasca dam in GoldenEye (1995) is hard to beat – it was once voted one of the best movie stunts of all time. [31] Fleming gave a number of origins for the name of his estate, including Carson McCullers' Reflections in a Golden Eye[32] and Operation Goldeneye, a contingency plan Fleming himself developed during Second World War in case of a Nazi invasion through Spain. A Twitter account, suspected by the German newspaper Heise Online to belong to the malware author, used an image of Boris Grishenko as their avatar. Found inside – Page 548Since then , the Ticinesi – appearances notwithstanding - remain resolutely Swiss , and have little truck with ... off the 220m - high Verzasca Dam ( see p.567 ) , as performed by James Bond in the opening scene of Goldeneye . [37] The film came to be seen as a successful revitalisation, and it effectively adapted the series for the 1990s. Actually, the scene was filmed at the Contra dam in the Valle Verzasca in canton Ticino. You can take a stroll over the cool dam a couple of times and see the river below, buy something in a gift shop but that's pretty much it (bucket list item crossed out). You may vaguely remember the below image from the movie GoldenEye. Release Since the film was released in …
Lake Marmorera is situated in Ela Park, Switzerland's largest nature park, which makes it a highly attractive tourist destination. And the ultimate adrenaline rush at Lago di Vogorno is also called 007 jump or GoldenEye Bungee Jump. However, the original MPAA edits still remain. In 2011, the game was ported to PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 under the name GoldenEye 007: Reloaded. Please enable JavaScript in your browser for better use of the website! [98], The film was edited to be guaranteed a PG-13 rating from the MPAA and a 12 rating from the BBFC. And the ultimate adrenaline rush at Lago di Vogorno is also called 007 jump or GoldenEye Bungee Jump. [11][43], John Woo was approached as the director, and turned down the opportunity, but said he was honored by the offer. IGN chose it as the fifth-best movie,[109] while Entertainment Weekly ranked it eighth,[110] and Norman Wilner of MSN as ninth.
Found inside – Page 454Climb the Ponte I went to the Val Verzasca Dam dei Salti , a 17th - century double - arched bridge , and knowing ... The 220m jump , conquered with made it famous in the movie Goldpanache by James Bond in Goldeneye , costs 255SFr eneye ... [37] Broccoli and Campbell met Ralph Fiennes about taking the part. The dam doubled as the fictional Arkhangelsk Chemical Weapons Facility located in the northern Soviet Union during the Cold War. The dam owners started to lease access to the dam, soon after GoldenEye was released, to a commercial bungee jump operator. The 007 Bungy Jumping site is situated on the Verzasca dam in Ticino, Switzerland. MARCH 14, 1995: Pierce Brosnan and Sean Bean shot the pre-credits sequence of GOLDENEYE at Leavesden Studios. It was directed by Martin Campbell and is the first in the series not to utilize any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. GoldenEye was the first James Bond film to be produced since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War, and there was doubt over the character's relevance in the modern world. Ponte dei Salti is located just a few miles north in 6633 Lavertezzo.
[80] Swedish group Ace of Base had also written a proposed theme song, but label Arista Records pulled the band out of the project fearing the negative impact in case the film flopped. [11][29] In the film, the writing credit was shared by Caine and Feirstein, while France was credited with only the story, an arrangement he felt was unfair, particularly as he believed the additions made were not an improvement on his original version. 2. According the global surveys it is the best stunt in film history: Bond’s jump from the 220 meter (721 ft) high Verzasca dam in the movie “GoldenEye”. [47] Instead, an old Rolls-Royce factory at Leavesden Aerodrome in Hertfordshire was converted into a new studio, dubbed Leavesden Studios. Found insideHoused in a high-rise octagonal eyesore, this former hostel for the workers who built the dam has an ... even more dramatic experience of the dam, watch the spectacular bungee-jumping scene that opens the 1995 James Bond film Goldeneye, ...
Nearest City – Gordola, Switzerland; Overview – The Contra dam is popularly known as the Verzasca Dam and the Locarno Dam. An electromagnetic pulse blast suddenly hits the site 6 times, destroying it and three Russian fighter jets sent to investigate a distress call, while knocking out all satellite systems in orbit above. Channel your spy skills and throw yourself off one of the largest dams in the world, just like James Bond did in Goldeneye Go bungee jumping off the 220 metre tall Contra Dam in Ticino, as seen in the Bond film GoldenEye.
Contra Dam – James Bond Goldeneye Experience You can now experience a jump from one of the highest of all the dams in the world, with a jump height of 220 meters, just like 007 in Goldeneye. Goldeneye Dam Sep 18, 2016 near Lago Maggiore, Switzerland We saw the dam from the opening scene of Goldeneye 007. After Bond's jump off a Dam, he uses the grapple gun to lower himself to the bottom.
A French company called Pathé Entertainment (unrelated to the French studio Pathé) quickly moved in to buy MGM/UA for $1.2 billion and merged the companies to create MGM-Pathé Communications. The Bungee Jump at the Verzasca Dam in Switzerland, made famous by the opening scene of GoldenEye. It's a must for every James Bond 007 fan - because it's one of the original fim sets of GoldenEye. The Bond rights lawsuits were settled in December 1992, and the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, now run by a Crédit Lyonnais subsidiary, began to explore further development of Bond 17 with Danjaq in 1993. Quite simply the best in the world. Found insideshot in Switzerland at the Verzasca Dam, involving stuntman Wayne Michaels' bungee jump off the top of the dam—a world's record for a leap against a fixed object, which was 750 feet of concrete. WAYNE MICHAELS (stuntman, GoldenEye) It's ...
Despite escaping before the helicopter's missiles destroy it, the pair are captured by Russian troops and taken before Russian Minister of Defence Dimitri Mishkin for interrogation. Water falls to Earth in the form of rain, filling our rivers, lakes, reservoirs and oceans. This Experience is one of many in this box: Some age restrictions may apply - minimum age 10, Out of season jumps for groups of 6+ can be arranged, Minimum weight 45kg (100lbs) / maximum weight 110kg (242lbs), Can be combined with a canyoning adventure, Via Valle Verzasca 59, 6596 Gordola, Switzerland, Recreate one of the greatest stunts ever performed, Action doesn’t come much better than this, Try the world’s highest bungee from solid ground, Gourmet Zurich Sightseeing Tour with Cheese Fondue for Two, Lütschine Whitewater Rafting for Two from Interlaken, Cooking Class in Greenwich Village for Two, UAE and Dubai Experience and Getaway Gifts. [70], For the film, a convertible Z3 is equipped with the usual Q refinements, including a self-destruct feature and Stinger missiles behind the headlights. It's for free to visit and you can enjoy a great view. Verzasca Dam, Switzerland. Pathé CEO Giancarlo Parretti intended to sell off the distribution rights of the studio's catalogue so he could collect advance payments to finance the buyout. In 1995, in the first Bond film with Pierce Brosnan, the Conta dam, also known as the Verzasca dam in Switzerland served as a backdrop for a bungee jump into … While vacationing in Switzerland last month, I was not expecting to encounter any stars. France's screenplay introduced the character of "Augstus Trevelyan" and the GoldenEye EMP satellite, and consisted of an cold open of an Aston Martin car chase aboard a high-speed train. [46] The producers were unable to film at Pinewood Studios, the usual studio for Bond films, because it had been reserved for First Knight.
By continuing you agree to our use of cookies. While far from the character's first time fighting in and on … [52], The French Navy provided full use of the frigate La Fayette and their newest helicopter, the Eurocopter Tiger, to the film's production team. Learn more in, "Goldeneye" Bungee from Contra Dam in Switzerland. [111] EW also voted Xenia Onatopp as the sixth-most memorable Bond girl,[112] while IGN ranked Natalya as seventh in a similar list.
Bond is captured while trying to rig explosives to destroy the base, and learns from Trevelyan that he intends to use GoldenEye to devastate Europe and the U.S (justifying a russian occupation of europe and chinese occupation of the U.S) in order to destroy all electronic information, meaning that, in Trevelyan's words, "the United Kingdom will re-enter the Stone Age" and "learn the price of betrayal – inflation adjusted for 1945". Here you jump from a 220-meter-high dam wall. GoldenEye bungee jump from Contra Dam This bungee over the Verzasca Valley first got our blood pumping in the opening scene of the classic 1995 James Bond film, “GoldenEye”. Travel by car. In this gorgeous valley one can find the smallest municipality in Switzerland, Corippo (see post Village of Corippo, Ticino) as well as the Contra dam (or Verzasca dam). It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of June 2021, has the most a… The casino scenes and the Tiger helicopter's demonstration were shot in Monte Carlo. The pair soon uncover a hidden base beneath a large lake, concealing a satellite dish, and proceed to infiltrate it. [13] Production was set to start in 1990 in Hong Kong, for a release in late 1991.
[24][25] Wilson wanted to frame the film in the post-Cold War era and the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, when there were concerns of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. By the time GoldenEye was released, it had been six years since the last Bond film — the longest interregnum in the history of the franchise — and filmmakers knew that they had to come back big.. And come back big they did, with an opening shot that a 2002 poll of British film fans called the best stunt in movie history.. 19. The tallest dam in the world (complete) is the Nurek Dam, a large earthfill dam located on the Vakhsh River in the central Asian nation of Tajikistan. Found insideAnd, halfway along the dam, people were flinging themselves off into this space. Switzerland has a reputation as a placid place, docile even. ... If you've seen Goldeneye, you might remember it from the opening sequence. There is even a jumping location that became world famous through the 007 movie "GoldenEye": the dam in the Verzasca Valley in the south of Switzerland. [96] It had the fourth-highest worldwide gross of all films in 1995,[97] and was the most successful Bond film since Moonraker, taking inflation into account. It is a modernised retelling of the original movie's story, with Daniel Craig playing the role of Bond. Trevelyan tries to stop him, and the ensuing fight between the two culminates in Trevelyan plummeting to the ground, mortally wounding him. That scene from the James Bond film GoldenEye made the Verzasca Dam and the bungee jump from it one of the world's most famous jumps.
[20] Despite France's screenplay being completed by January, production was pushed back with no concrete start. The amount of water that this dam holds is unbelievable. The Contra Dam in Switzerland, used as a film location in Goldeneye. It's a must for every James Bond 007 fan - because it's one of the original fim sets of GoldenEye.
Switzerland. A gift certificate! Start scrolling. Verzasca Dam is an incredibly beautiful dam with the height of 220m (721ft).
Escorted to the meeting by Onatopp, Bond discovers that Janus is Trevelyan (scarred following the attack at Arkhangelsk), having faked his death at Arkhangelsk, and learns he is descended from the Cossacks who were repatriated to the Soviet Union after collaboration with the Axis powers during World War II. The film enjoys a large and enthusiastic following among Bond fans, especially those who grew up with the GoldenEye 007 (1997) video game.
Found inside – Page 342At the head is the Verzasca Dam, which was used in the opening sequence of GoldenEye when Pierce Brosnan as James Bond bungee jumps off the top; many have paid to follow his 220m drop, reaching up to 100mph (w trekking.ch; ... The stunt had to be meticulously planned as the cars are vastly different. Saturday 19 July 2014. 2y.
(The Rogun Dam, under construction along the Vakhsh also in Tajikistan, is expected to exceed the Nurek when completed, at a planned height of 335 meters (1,099 ft)). Its capital is Bern and its largest city is Zürich. Since the film, the dam has become a popular Bungee Jumping location. GoldenEye location: Bond arrives at the casino: Casino de Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo, Monaco.
The song was then rewritten as their single "The Juvenile". Brosnan injured his hand while filming the extending ladder sequence, making producers delay his scenes and film the ones in Severnaya earlier. [65] According to producer Michael G. Wilson, some Communist parties protested against "Socialist symbols being destroyed not by governments, but by bikini-clad women", especially certain Indian Communist parties,[66][67][68] which threatened to boycott the film. When Boris loses his cool trying to undo her programming, Bond uses the moment to trigger a grenade, concealed in a pen supplied by Q, to allow him and Natalya to escape. [93][94] The after-party took place at Stockholm's Grand Hôtel. In the pre-title sequence Bond may jump from the The dam became a popular bungee jumping venue after a James Bond stuntman jumped off it in the opening scene of the 1995 film GoldenEye; a stunt voted as the best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll. The logo of the film wasn't displayed, only a tagline: "There is no substitute" and the 007 gun logo, in red. [46] To avoid destroying the pavement on the city streets of St. Petersburg, the steel off-road tracks of the T-54/55 were replaced with the rubber-shoed tracks from a British Chieftain tank. First on our list of fascinating dams would have to be the Contra Dam, most commonly known as the Verzasca Dam, in Ticino, Switzerland. "[100] A similar site, Metacritic, holds it at 65. Found inside – Page 159GoldenEye (1995). The opening scene famously shows Bond swandiving off the 220-meter(720-foot) concrete face of Verzasca Dam near Locarno, Switzerland. The World Is Not Enough (1999). Bond and love interestos heiress Elektra King ... [11] Before negotiating with Brosnan, Mel Gibson, Hugh Grant, and Liam Neeson passed on the role. "[118], Often cited as Pierce Brosnan's best Bond film, GoldenEye's reputation has only improved since its release. Serra composed and performed a number of synthesiser tracks, including the version of the "James Bond Theme" that plays during the gun barrel sequence,[88] while Altman and David Arch provided the more traditional symphonic music. The train was composed of a British Rail Class 20 diesel-electric locomotive and a pair of Mark 1 coaches, all three heavily disguised to resemble a Soviet armoured train.
Bungy jumping Ticino - 007 GOLDENEYE 220m. [107] Ian Nathan of Empire said that it "revamps that indomitable British spirit" and that the Die Hard movies "don't even come close to 007". Visiting this bridge has been on my bucket list for a while, and we knew it was in the area of a camping site we like to visit near Lago Maggiore on the border of Switzerland and Italy. [90] The UK premiere, attended by Prince Charles, followed on 21 November at the Odeon Leicester Square, with general release three days later. Jul 2020. The stunt was performed by Pierce Brosnan’s stunt double, Wayne Michaels, on the Verzasca dam in Switzerland, and set a record for the highest bungee jump from a fixed structure. In the United States, an advance poster featured a gold-hued close-up on Bond's eyes pointing his Walther PPK handgun towards the viewer. The dam creates Lago di Vogorno 2 km (1.2 mi) upstream of Lake Maggiore and supports the 105 MW Verzasca hydroelectric power station. Much of On Her Majesty's Secret Service is set in Switzerland at Piz Gloria. The two editions were slightly different. An activity only for the bravest and most daring of tourists, this tour will allow you to jump into Pierce Brosnan’s shoes and replicate his jump from the Contra Dam, one of the largest in the world. The English Wikipedia is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. The name "GoldenEye" pays homage to James Bond's creator, Ian Fleming.
It was released for the Nintendo 64 video game console in August 1997. Found inside – Page 101itaipú dam (Paraná River, Brazil and Paraguay, 1975–1991) • Built to generate hydroelectricity, the Itaipú Dam is ... Switzerland. The concrete arch dam is known for its slim, elegant design. its heart-stopping 722foot bungee drop (220 ... The dam is owned and operated by Verzasca SA and is the fourth tallest in Switzerland.The dam became a popular bungee jumping venue after a James Bond stuntman jumped off it in the opening scene of the 1995 film GoldenEye; a stunt voted as the best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll.
"Tina Turner performs theme song to new James Bond movie, 'GoldenEye. Adventurers who have seen the James Bond film GoldenEye will recognize the Verzasca Dam, located near the southern Swiss region of Ticino. According the global surveys it is the best stunt in film history: Bond's jump from the 220 meter high Verzasca dam in the movie 'GoldenEye'. Why is 2D image of the Verzasca Dam distorted? Slip into agent 007's shoes and experience the amazing rush that bungee jumping can offer. Starting a short time ago, when I went to explore a famous movie location on Google Earth, that being the Verzasca Dam in Gordola, Switzerland (where 007 bungee jumped from in the James Bond movie Goldeneye), the 2D image of the dam looks like this (see below). It is the 25th tallest dam in the world. As part of the car's marketing strategy, several Z3's were used to drive journalists from a complimentary meal at the Rainbow Room restaurant to its premiere at the Radio City Music Hall. [60] A Russian T-54/T-55 tank, on loan from the East England Military Museum, was modified with the addition of fake explosive reactive armour panels. [9] Éric Serra won a BMI Film Award for the soundtrack, and it also earned nominations for Best Action, Adventure or Thriller Film and Actor at the 22nd Saturn Awards, and Best Fight at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards. Officially called … He would have been cast as Bond only if Brosnan had turned down the role.
It was featured in the film months before its release, and a limited edition "007 model" sold out within a day of being available to order. This is the third highest bungee jump in the world. [113], However, the film received several negative reviews. What follows is the … Brosnan was paid $1.2 million for the film, out of a total budget of $60 million. GoldenEye is a film released by MGM/United Artists in 1995. What a great idea! [52], Stunt car coordinator Rémy Julienne described the car chase between the Aston Martin DB5 and the Ferrari F355 as between "a perfectly shaped, old and vulnerable vehicle and a racecar." Verzasca (Contra) Dam is famous by Bond's jump in GoldenEye. Community content is … It was constructed between 1961 and 1965 and starting shortly after its reservoirwas filled, a series of earthquakes related to its … [7] One of GoldenEye's innovations includes the casting of a female M. In the film, the new M quickly establishes her authority, remarking that Bond is a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur" and a "relic of the Cold War". Contra Dam, Switzerland The Contra Dam, also known as the Verzasca Dam or the Locarno Dam, an arch dam on the Verzasca River in Ticino, Switzerland. On a trip to Switzerland in 2000, I visited the Contra Dam, Verzasca, in the southern Swiss Canton of Ticino. On my way to the Contra Dam in Switzerland, I was keeping myself strong to throw myself off one of the largest dams in the world like Mr James Bond did in the movie Goldeneye. [17] In 1990, MGM/UA was to be sold for $1.5 billion to Qintex, an Australian-American financial services company that had begun making television broadcast and entertainment purchases. Found insideThe answer to that particular question laid in the opening credits of the James Bond film, GoldenEye, when 007 leaps from its ... Joseph and Jacob, that we happened to drive quite close to Locarno in Switzerland where the dam was built. Integrating environment and development:1972-2002; State of the environment and policy retrospective: 1972-2002; Human vulnerability to environmental change; Outlook: 2002-32; Options for action.
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