Fawad-al-Fuad-Spiritual-and-Literary-Discourses-of-Shaikh-Nizamuddin-Awliya-Translato-107003 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t36207674 Ocr language not currently OCRable Ppi 72 Publishers Delhi: D.K. “Literary theory,” sometimes designated “critical theory,” or “theory,” and now undergoing a transformation into “cultural theory” within the discipline of literary studies, can be understood as the set of concepts and intellectual assumptions on which rests the work of explaining or interpreting literary texts. It was designed, in short, by and for linguists whose concern was to derive the phonological, syntactic, and morphological systems of (often unwritten) languages up to the level of word order within the sentence, linguists who were very far indeed from. They are structures in addition to those which structural grammar describes. Select a purchase Anthropologyhas helped to overcome themby showing that the sacred isnot a class of special things butrather a special class of things. Instead, devices observed in literature were assumed to be âliterary,â to constitute âliterarinessâ (the term is Jakobsonâs) because non-literature was assumed a priori not to possess the properties of literature. Uitti perceptively attributes the tendency for poetics and linguistics to repel rather than attract each other to a more general and deep-seated characteristic of linguistic investigation: the fact that in linguistics, âthe point(s) of view will always shape the material to be studiedâ (Uitti, 1969:109). A given utterance may make use of several or perhaps even all of these functions, but one function will always be seen to predominate. Caribbean Literary Discourse opens the challenging world of language choices and literary experiments characteristic of the multicultural and multilingual Caribbean. Syntax is the system of word combination in ordinary speech. (Ãjxenbaum, 1926:9). Found inside – Page 74A Semiotic-pragmatic Approach to Literature Jørgen Dines Johansen. Two Discourse and Text [ T ] he analysis of discourse , is necessarily , the analysis of language in use . As such it cannot be restricted to the description of ... Brown has called to my attention a still untranslated essay by L. P. Jakubinsky titled âOn dialogic discourseâ (Russkaya rechâ, 1923) in which Jakubinsky criticizes the inadequaciy of the poetic/practical language opposition and tries to produce a more detailed inventory of the uses of language. Jakobson offers the following account of non-literary verse, or, as he calls it, âapplied verse": Mnemonic lines... (like âThirty days hath Septemberâ), modem advertising jingles and versified medieval laws ... or finally Sanscrit scientific treatises in verse which in Indie tradition are strictly distinguished from true poetry (kÄvya)âall these metrical texts make use of the poetic function without, however, assigning to this function the coercing, determining role it carries in poetry. Among other things, he assumes that (1) language functions in literature differently than it does elsewhere, (2) the relation between the literary and nonliterary functions of language is one of opposition, and (3) this opposition is fully manifested in the observable properties of literary and nonliterary data; thus, literature has properties that other utterances do not possess and is defined by those properties. It is âverseless composition ... where parallelisms are not so strictly. Brikâs comparison is thus illegitimate. We are now in a position to return to the first question posed earlier: why bring extraliterary discourse into the picture at all? As long as the subject matter of linguistics was understood to be, in the Saussurian sense, poeticians and linguists were virtually guaranteed to be doing different things. If we do look for a generalized way of distinguishing poetry from applied verse, those criteria that do suggest themselvesâ speakerâs intent, fictionality, intended audience, factual accuracy, or simply traditionâhave nothing to do with the principle of equivalence and the axis of selection, and indeed they are not factors which textual analysis can necessarily reveal at all. An historical approach to literary interpretation and analysis is perhaps the oldest and one of the most widely-used critical approach. What aspect of that object is given the most attention? The, of poetry, it seems, has its own universal categories and units of analysis, just like the, ... the language of what? The arrangement of the major events in the novel in three main sections indicates the significance of temporal sequence. It is this separation of. For, as I have already suggested, the linguistics of the Saussurian structural tradition does not claim to describe real utterances of any kind but rather the abstract set of rules which underlies real utterances. Attempting to distinguish literature from nonliterature at the level of, has the effect of locating the concerns of poetics outside those of general linguistics, while retaining an analogy between the two disciplines allows the disparity of their aims to remain hidden behind a uniformity of terminology and method. Nor are there grounds for equating the two. âLinguistics: Structure and Meaning in Literary Discourse Essayâ, n.d. https://studentshare.org/humanitarian/1521656-linguistics-structure-and-meaning-in-literary-discourse-essay. Discourse refers to the way language is manipulated to communicate a certain effect or elicit a specific response. In both articles, as in MukaÅovskýâs discussion, prose literature is dealt with in terms as equivocal as those used to describe nonliterary discourse. Dickens, Charles. (Glancy, 74-75) An evaluation of the complicating action of the novel A Tale of the Two Cities ultimately suggests what happened in the story where as the assessment of the evaluation of the novel sums up the most significant events of the narrative. In a paper comparing the effects of acid rain on two forest sites, your choice of sites is … In short, both writers end up maintaining a difference of kind and denying it at the same time. Found inside – Page 258Second, the text is “unspeakable”: it is ungrammatical outside of literature. In fact, all literary texts have these two properties. A literary text eliminates the speaker as the deictic center of discourse, present at the RT, ... In addition, Style publishes reviews, review-essays, surveys, interviews, translations, enumerative and annotated bibliographies, and reports on conferences, Web sites, and software. But even shifting the grounds on which poeticality is defined does not save the argument here, since fictitiousness plays an important role in extraliterary discourse, too. A message like âWhat does metalingual mean?â exploits the metalingual function in focusing on the code. It is exactly at this point that the analogy becomes a distortion, for it is taken here as a fact. Messages that focus on context are using language mainly in its referential function. Such a rule would, of course, make prose literature problematic, as did the notions of condensation, interiorization, and so on in Stankiewiczâs analysis. With some exceptions, the dominant trends in linguistics, both in Europe and America, have not been concerned with the question of language use. The relationship between them can be likened to the proverbial controversy in the actual maternity of the hen and the egg. The difference of kind asserts itself more and more strongly as the argument proceeds. Their [the Formalistsâ] basic point was, and still is, that the object of literary science, as literary science, ought to be the investigation of the specific properties of literary material, of the properties that distinguish such material from material of any other kind.... To establish this principle of specificity without resorting to speculative aesthetics required the juxtaposing of the literary order of facts with another such order. The proceedings of the 1960 conference on poetics in Warsaw (Davie et al., 1961) contain an impressive number of American contributions. In literature, discourse is the formal arrangement of words. Found inside – Page 57These components form a discourse of displacement or deferral , a discourse of a heart that does not seek to take a final position but rather ... Julia Kristeva , Desire in Language : A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art , ed . In fact, Whitehead’s newest book, “Harlem Shuffle,” is set in 1960s Manhattan. But by the very nature of the projection principle, the difference of degree tends to resolve itself into a difference of kind, just as it did for Stankiewicz. Found inside – Page 70He may not be able to establish a literary discourse capable of grounding morality in human nature. But he can liberate human nature from its identification with either one of the two alternating types of renunciations entailed in law ... Thus, instead of an orientation toward a history of culture or of social life, toward psychology, or aesthetics and so on, as had been customary for literary scholars, the Formalists came up with their own characteristic orientation toward linguistics. In the novel The Hot Zone, Richard Preston tells the graphic truth of a family of filoviruses. In the novel A Tale of the Two Cities one finds the best illustration of this structural organisation of the narrative through the principles of temporal sequence. Even though the two terms text and discourse are used interchangeably with concern to literary analytical studies, these two are … (Delas and Filliolet, 1973:191, translation mine). As Gunter Grass’s novel The Tin Drum opens we ²nd Oskar Matzerath (1) on the war front entertaining the soldiers as part of a band of dwarfs. Linguistic and Literary IssuesIssue 1: One of the major characteristics of the structure of A Tale of Two Cities is the novelist’s skillful use of coincidence and densely interconnected subplots. 4.ascribing to nonliterature all and only those properties described by structuralist grammar. But it is here always subordinate to communication: its purpose is to attract the readerâs (hearerâs) attention more closely to the subject matter expressedâ (1932:22). In a paper comparing the effects of acid rain on two forest sites, your choice of sites is … Roland Barthes, in his recent book, The Pleasure of the Text (Le Plaisir du texte), calls it a âscientific scandalâ that no grammar of spoken French exists, but he nevertheless observes with assurance that: Here [in the âlanguage of the Peopleâ (la classe populaire)], all magical or poetical activity disappears: the partyâs over, no more games with words: an end to metaphors, reign of the stereotypes imposed by petit bourgeois culture. (Havránek et al., 1958:42, translation mine), As Karl Uitti (1969) has shown, the breach between poetics and linguistics asserted itself even more emphatically in the United States, where linguistics developed without even the vestiges of a literary arm, while the study of âpoetic languageâ became the province of the New Critics, few of whom were interested in the linguistics of nonpoetry at all.
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